McGill University

A leading Canadian research university in Montreal, Quebec, McGill pioneered the “Montreal Model”—an integrative biomedical-psychedelic approach to ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for severe treatment-resistant depression developed over 6 years and 500+ ketamine treatments. The team’s MUSIK randomized trial demonstrated that emotional and mystical ketamine experiences within a structured therapeutic environment drive more sustained antidepressant improvements, including in ketamine vs. ECT comparison trials.