FTND

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is a 6-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the degree of physical dependence on nicotine. Developed by Karl-Olov Fagerström and revised by Todd Heatherton, items cover time to first cigarette after waking, difficulty refraining from smoking, number of cigarettes per day, morning smoking patterns, and smoking when ill. Scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater dependence. The FTND is a key baseline and outcome measure in the Johns Hopkins psilocybin smoking cessation program led by Matthew Johnson, which demonstrated an 80% abstinence rate at 6-month follow-up — substantially higher than standard pharmacological interventions. The FTND has moderate internal consistency (α ≈ 0.60–0.70) but strong predictive validity for cessation outcomes.